deepwater horizon oil spill bioremediation

BP officials deny that the disease conditions are related to the spill, saying that dolphin deaths actually began being reported before the BP oil spill. [131] According to BP and federal officials, dispersant use stopped after the cap was in place;[132][133] however, marine toxicologist Riki Ott wrote in an open letter to the EPA that Corexit use continued after that date[134] and a GAP investigation stated that "[a] majority of GAP witnesses cited indications that Corexit was used after [July 2010]."[135]. In their report, they suggest the possibility that respiratory symptoms might have been caused by high levels of ozone or reactive aldehydes in the air, possibly produced from photochemical reactions in the oil. [194] The oil and dispersant mixture permeated the food chain through zooplankton. [350], In January 2014, a panel of the U.S. Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals rejected an effort by BP to curb payment of what it described as "fictitious" and "absurd" claims to a settlement fund for businesses and persons affected by the oil spill. During this transition period additional $404million in claims were paid. [15][69] Although only "minute" quantities of oil continued to wash up in 2013, patches of tar balls were still being reported almost every day from Alabama and Florida Panhandle beaches. [227], A 2014 bluefin tuna study in Science found that oil already broken down by wave action and chemical dispersants was more toxic than fresh oil. The goal of NRDA is to restore natural resources and compensate the public for lost recreational use. [81] Prior to establishing the GCCF, emergency compensation was paid by BP from an initial facility. By October 2013 it had increased its projection to $9.2billion, saying it could be "significantly higher. [271] On 22 June, a United States federal judge on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana Martin Leach-Cross Feldman when ruling in the case Hornbeck Offshore Services LLC v. Salazar, lifted the moratorium finding it too broad, arbitrary and not adequately justified. [161], Several studies suggest that microbes successfully consumed part of the oil. We will now begin implementing restoration as laid out in the Trustees final comprehensive restoration plan. The Deepwater Horizon oil spill that occurred in 2010 was one of the most devastating oil spills in history. Aquatic birds are immobilized by the oil because the oil penetrates the porous feathers and therefore affecting their ability to catch air. If it proves to be oil from the subsurface, then that could indicate the possibility of an indefinite release of oil. [335] The firms deny the allegations. Atlas RM, Hazen TC (2011) Oil Biodegradation and bioremediation: a tale of the two worst spills in US history. [129] Dispersant and PAHs from oil are believed to have caused "disturbing numbers" of mutated fish that scientists and commercial fishers saw in 2012, including 50% of shrimp found lacking eyes and eye sockets. Although several problems might arise, this is usually the preferred method when indigenous microbes are incapable of degrading hydrocarbon. [147] One plume was 22mi (35km) long, more than 1mi (1,600m) wide and 650ft (200m) deep. It was based on our thorough assessment of impacts to the Gulf's natural resources and the services they provide. [17] One study released in 2014 reported that tuna and amberjack that were exposed to oil from the spill developed deformities of the heart and other organs that would be expected to be fatal or at least life-shortening and another study found that cardiotoxicity might have been widespread in animal life exposed to the spill. The Deepwater Horizon oil spill (also referred to as the "BP oil spill") was an industrial disaster that began on 20 April 2010 off of the coast of the United States in the Gulf of Mexico on the BP-operated Macondo Prospect,[6][7][8][9] considered to be the largest marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry and estimated to be 8 to 31 percent larger in volume than the previous largest, the Ixtoc I oil spill, also in the Gulf of Mexico. [92] On 19 September 2010, National Incident Commander Thad Allen declared the well "effectively dead" and said that it posed no further threat to the Gulf. [172] All flights in the operations' area were prohibited except flight authorized by air traffic control; routine flights supporting offshore oil operations; federal, state, local and military flight operations supporting spill response; and air ambulance and law enforcement operations. [193] Methane can potentially suffocate marine life and create "dead zones" where oxygen is depleted. [336][337] On 13 August, BP asked US District Judge Carl Barbier to approve the settlement, saying its actions "did not constitute gross negligence or willful misconduct". [61] [20] The report stated that, although the events leading to the sinking of Deepwater Horizon were set into motion by the failure to prevent a well blowout, the investigation revealed numerous systems deficiencies, and acts and omissions by Transocean and its Deepwater Horizon crew, that had an adverse impact on the ability to prevent or limit the magnitude of the disaster. [310] Also the United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce conducted a number of hearings, including hearings of Tony Hayward and heads of Anadarko and Mitsui's exploration unit. The goal of the $500 million, 10-year research initiative, known as, Gulf Coast Ecosystem Restoration Trust Fund, Transocean plead guilty to criminal charges, Detailed allocations and project information, North American Wetlands Conservation Fund. [262] NOAA had closed 86,985sqmi (225,290km2), or approximately 36% of Federal waters in the Gulf of Mexico, for commercial fishing causing $2.5billion cost for the fishing industry. [150] The scientists concluded that "Mixing oil with dispersant increased toxicity to ecosystems" and made the gulf oil spill worse. The success of these procedures cleared the way for a bottom kill, considered to be the most likely means of permanently sealing the leak. Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Physical Health among Adult Women in Southern Louisiana: The Women and Their Childrens Health (WaTCH) Study. [340] BP says that it has $9.5billion in assets set aside in a trust to pay the claims, and the settlement will not increase the $37.2billion the company budgeted for spill-related expenses. The defective BOP and the capping stack were removed in early September and replaced by a functioning BOP. The U.S. State Department listed 70 assistance offers from 23 countries, all being initially declined, but later, 8 had been accepted. Improving Your Non-Technical Skills as a Scientist. There was a microbial shift in the deepwater community as the chemistry and nature of the oil changed. This webpage is limited to EPAs enforcement-related activities only, and does not cover all legal or other actions against BP Exploration & Production and other parties for the spill, such as private party/class action settlements for medical claims and economic damages, or other actions against those responsible for the spill. Diaz warned that "chronic adverse health effects, including cancers, liver and kidney disease, mental health disorders, birth defects and developmental disorders should be anticipated among sensitive populations and those most heavily exposed". How can we best prepare to respond to such an event in this challenging environment? Let us know. [11][111], The fundamental strategies for addressing the spill were containment, dispersal and removal. A lock (LockA locked padlock) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Rather, it concluded that "notwithstanding these inherent risks, the accident of April 20 was avoidable" and that "it resulted from clear mistakes made in the first instance by BP, Halliburton and Transocean, and by government officials who, relying too much on industry's assertions of the safety of their operations, failed to create and apply a program of regulatory oversight that would have properly minimized the risk of deepwater drilling. [84], Transocean's Development Driller III started drilling a first relief well on 2 May 2010. In the Deepwater Horizon disaster (2010, Gulf of Mexico), where an oil rig exploded that produced the worst spill in history, bioremediation techniques were applied when it was verified that the spilled oil had bacterial activity. [163][164] David L. Valentine, a professor of microbial geochemistry at UC Santa Barbara, said that the capability of microbes to break down the leaked oil had been greatly exaggerated. [132] However, some independent scientists and EPA's own experts continue to voice concerns about the approach. Microorganisms live in environments of delicate balance; adding such large amounts of hydrocarbons will disrupt this balance with severe consequences [5]. This will optimize bioaugmentation as microbe being altered is indigenous to that particular environment. This was to cover all offshore cleanup activities, BP later requested a second NIOSH investigation of onshore cleanup operations. Fish and Wildlife Service and the. Mac McClelland for Mother Jones, 24 May 2010. [100] Repeated scientific analyses confirmed that the sheen was a chemical match for oil from the Macondo well. [28] In April 2016, BP agreed to pay $20.8billion in fines, the largest corporate settlement in United States history. [20], On 16 June 2010, after BP executives met with President Obama, BP announced and established the Gulf Coast Claims Facility (GCCF), a $20billion fund to settle claims arising from the Deepwater Horizon spill. For the Deep Horizon oil spill, cleanup workers used 1,400,000USgal (5,300,000l; 1,200,000impgal) of various chemical dispersants to further breakdown the oil. Fertilizing water with nitrogen and phosphorus to stimulate microbial growth is a common bioremediation strategy for oil spill cleanup; it was used, for example, during the Valdez spill in. And we will do whatever's necessary to help the Gulf Coast and its people recover from this tragedy. [270] The ban was lifted in October 2010. [137][138] On 19 May, the EPA gave BP 24hours to choose less toxic alternatives to Corexit from the National Contingency Plan Product Schedule, and begin applying them within 72 hours of EPA approval or provide a detailed reasoning why no approved products met the standards. Restoring the Gulf of Mexico After the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, 2010 National Coastal Condition Assessment Results and Report, National Enforcement and Compliance Initiatives, Enforcement and Compliance Annual Results for FY 2022, February 17, 2012: $90 million civil settlement with, January 3, 2013: $1 billion civil settlement with, RestoreTheGulf: official federal government site for spill. [197] A study of insect populations in the coastal marshes affected by the spill also found a significant impact. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS This coalition gained significant influence in the clean-up of the oil spill to try to gain some control over the situation. 4 million barrels of oil flowed from the damaged Macondo well over an 87-day period, before it was finally capped on July . Transocean plead guilty to criminal charges in January 2013, adding $300 million from criminal fines to funding dedicated to the restoration efforts in the Gulf region and to improve oil spill response training and prevention. [349] $800million goes to Gulf Coast restoration Trust Fund, $300million to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, $150million to the National Wild Turkey Federation and $150million to the National Academy of Sciences. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS [278], On 30 April, President Obama dispatched the Secretaries of the Department of Interior and Homeland Security, as well as the EPA Administrator and NOAA to the Gulf Coast to assess the disaster. The effect of the microscopic oil droplets on the ecosystem was unknown, though their presence, along with that of a layer of oil several inches thick discovered on portions of the seafloor in September, cast doubt on earlier predictions about the speed with which the discharged oil would dissipate. A limitation of their methodology was that some VOCs may have already evaporated from the oil before they began their investigation. Restore and conserve habitat - $4.7 billion, Replenish and protect coastal living resources - $1.8 billion, Provide and enhance recreational opportunities - $420 million, Monitoring, adaptive management and oversight - $1.5 billion. Thus, oil that would normally rise to the surface of the water was emulsified into tiny droplets and remained suspended in the water and on the sea floor. Mixing dispersants with oil at the wellhead would keep some oil below the surface and in theory, allowing microbes to digest the oil before it reached the surface. [142][143][144] BP reduced Corexit use by 25,689 to 23,250USgal (97,240 to 88,010L) per day, a 9% decline. [52] On 10 July, the containment cap was removed to replace it with a better-fitting cap ("Top Hat Number 10"). The British Petroleum oil spill (BP oil spill), also known as the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, is the largest oil spill in the history of the petroleum production industry [11] . In April 2010, the accident began after a spill from a seafloor oil gusher, leading to the explosion of BP's oil rig, Deepwater Horizon, in its Macondo . These traditional techniques are limited in effectiveness and are expensive due to the large area affected by the BP oil spill. Who owned the rig responsible for the Deepwater Horizon oil spill? [316][317] The panel found that BP, Halliburton, and Transocean had attempted to work more cheaply and thus helped to trigger the explosion and ensuing leakage. NIOSH personnel performed air monitoring around cleanup workers at sea, on land, and during the application of Corexit. On 2 March 2012, BP and plaintiffs agreed to settle their lawsuits. [20][21] Earlier in 2011, a White House commission likewise blamed BP and its partners for a series of cost cutting decisions and an inadequate safety system, but also concluded that the spill resulted from "systemic" root causes and "absent significant reform in both industry practices and government policies, might well recur". [59] As of January2011[update], tar balls, oil sheen trails, fouled wetlands marsh grass and coastal sands were still evident. [16][71], First, BP unsuccessfully attempted to close the blowout preventer valves on the wellhead with remotely operated underwater vehicles. [282] Rand Paul accused President Obama of being anti-business and "un-American". "Health of Exxon Valdez cleanup workers was never studied". This was described as a "sick joke" and "a very serious error of judgement" by Friends of the Earth Scotland. Fines would be apportioned commensurate with the degree of negligence of the parties, measured against the number of barrels of oil spilled. [58] As of December2012[update], 339mi (546km) of coastline remain subject to evaluation and/or cleanup operations. Investigations continue into the public health effects on coastal residents and responders who investigated and cleaned up the mess. Oil sheencould be seen on the surface of the water covering up to 180 000km2 [3] . The PAHs were most concentrated near the Louisiana Coast, but levels also jumped 23 fold in areas off Alabama, Mississippi and Florida. It set five goals: In 2011, one year after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, BP agreed to provide up to $1 billion toward early restoration projects in the Gulf of Mexico. [198] Chemicals from the spill were found in migratory birds as far away as Minnesota. An investigation of the possible causes of the explosion was launched on 22 April 2010 by the USCG and the Minerals Management Service. [279] In his 15 June speech, Obama said, "This oil spill is the worst environmental disaster America has ever faced Make no mistake: we will fight this spill with everything we've got for as long as it takes. . [282], Initially, BP downplayed the incident; its CEO Tony Hayward called the amount of oil and dispersant "relatively tiny" in comparison with the "very big ocean. The U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana has established the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill website for this purpose. Efforts in May to place a containment dome over the largest leak in the broken riser were thwarted by the buoyant action of gas hydratesgas molecules in an ice matrixformed by the reaction of natural gas and cold water. [260] During the crisis, BP gas stations in the United States reported a sales drop of between 10 and 40% due to backlash against the company. [155] Due to use of Corexit the oil was too dispersed to collect, according to a spokesperson for shipowner TMT. These projects allowed us to start restoring the Gulf before the formal damage assessment ended. Investigation performed by trustees to identify injuries to natural resources caused by oil spills, hazardous substance releases, and grounding incidents in National Marine Sanctuaries, and plan restoration activities. The Gulf Coast Claims Facility and the Deepwater Horizon Litigation: Judicial Regulation of Private Compensation Schemes", Independent Evaluation of the Gulf Coast Claims Facility. On September 17 the bottom kill maneuver was successfully executed through the first relief well. The oil rig involved in the Deepwater Horizon oil spill was owned and operated by offshore oil-drilling company Transocean and leased by the oil company BP. There was a report detailing the release of thousands of tons of hydrocarbon gases (HC) into the atmosphere. The US government report issued in September 2011 stated that BP is ultimately responsible for the spill, and that Halliburton and Transocean share some of the blame. [72][73] Next, it placed a 125-tonne (280,000lb) containment dome over the largest leak and piped the oil to a storage vessel. [38][39] Ninety-four crew members were rescued by lifeboat or helicopter, 17 of whom were treated for injuries. [353], In September 2014, Halliburton agreed to settle a large percentage of legal claims against it by paying $1.1billion into a trust by way of three installments over two years. 202-737-3600. service@asmusa.org. [75][76], BP then inserted a riser insertion tube into the pipe and a stopper-like washer around the tube plugged at the end of the riser and diverted the flow into the insertion tube. were used to cleanup after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. ", "BP Buys 'Oil' Search Terms to Redirect Users to Official Company Website", "BP buys 'oil spill' sponsored links for search engines", "Bob Dudley: Profile of the new BP chief executive", "Why we disrupted Tony Hayward's award at the University of Birmingham", "Honorary degree for ex-BP Gulf of Mexico boss is a sick joke", "University defends degree for Deepwater Horizon boss Tony Hayward", "Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: International Offers of Assistance", "U.S. not accepting foreign help on oil spill", "Jones Act: Maritime politics strain Gulf oil spill cleanup", "Salazar Launches Safety and Environmental Protection Reforms to Toughen Oversight of Offshore Oil and Gas Operations", "Weekly Address: President Obama Establishes Bipartisan National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling", "Attorney General Eric Holder on Gulf Oil Spill", "Anadarko and Mitsui executives set to testify", "Deepwater Horizon blowout preventer 'faulty' Congress", Transocean, Halliburton blast BP report on cause of blowout, oil spill, "Gulf oil spill: President's panel says firms complacent", "Deep Water: The Gulf Oil Disaster and the Future of Offshore Drilling", "BP and firms made risky decisions before spill: report", "Blunders Abounded Before Gulf Spill, Panel Says", "BP, Transocean, Halliburton blamed by presidential Gulf oil spill commission", "Panel: Without changes in oil industry and government, BP-like spill could happen again", "DNV report on Deepwater Horizon BOP concluded", "Gulf oil spill report: BP ultimately responsible in Gulf spill", "Comment. [165] However, biogeochemist Chris Reddy said natural microorganisms are a big reason why the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico was not far worse. $7.1 billion for restoration stretching more than 15 years beginning in 2017. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. [67] In 2013, some scientists at the Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill and Ecosystem Science Conference said that as much as one-third of the oil may have mixed with deep ocean sediments, where it risks damage to ecosystems and commercial fisheries. According to a NALCO manual obtained by GAP, Corexit 9527 is an eye and skin irritant. "[309] The investigation by United States Attorney General Eric Holder was announced on 1 June 2010. [357][358] According to The Wall Street Journal the U.S. government and Gulf Coast states had prepared an offer to BP for a $16billion settlement. [234], The United States Department of Health and Human Services set up the GuLF Study in June 2010 in response to these reports. In the November 2012 resolution of the federal charges against it, BP agreed to plead guilty to 11 felony counts related to the deaths of the 11 workers and paid a $4billion fine. Once released by the fracture of the core, the natural gas traveled up the Deepwater rigs riser to the platform, where it ignited, killing 11 workers and injuring 17. [228] A 2015 study of the relative toxicity of oil and dispersants to coral also found that the dispersants were more toxic than the oil. [136] The two formulations are neither the least toxic, nor the most effective, among EPA's approved dispersants, but BP said it chose to use Corexit because it was available the week of the rig explosion. Appropriate nutrients and dispersants are used in conjunction to help induce growth and increase surface area between oil and microbe by emulsifying the oil respectively [10](refer to Figure 4). Due to the magnitude of this event and environmental and political damage it caused, a significant scientific effort has been made to study its effect on ocean and coastal ecosystems. [367] David Rainey, BP's former vice-president for exploration in the Gulf of Mexico, was charged with obstructing Congress by misrepresenting the rate that oil was flowing out of the well. [266][267], On 30 April 2010, President Barack Obama ordered the federal government to hold the issuing of new offshore drilling leases and authorized the investigation of 29oil rigs in the Gulf in an effort to determine the cause of the disaster. [308] The National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling was established on 22 May to "consider the root causes of the disaster and offer options on safety and environmental precautions. 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