Increased rank of Paymaster General to brigadier general. The following named officers for appointment in the Reserve of the Army to the grade indicated under title 10, U.S.C., section 12203: Brig. Director, Joint Counter-Unmanned Aircraft Systems Office (JCO) and Director of Fires. Established total of four brigadier generals. Gaines and Kearny died within a year, leaving Wool and Twiggs as the two brigadier generals of the line authorized by statute.[46]. Retained as paymaster general, 1 Jun 1821. Brevet major general, 13 Mar 1865. 16). Kohn, Richard H. (1975). The substantive grades of major general and brigadier general were created in 1791 when the Army was expanded to fight the Northwest Indian War; a major general was immediately appointed to supersede Harmar, in whom confidence had been lost following his defeat the year before, but the brigadier general grade remained vacant until Harmar resigned in early 1792, whereupon the Army's only other lieutenant colonel, James Wilkinson, became its first substantive brigadier general. For example, by 1886 Wesley Merritt stood only eleventh on the list of colonels of the line despite having outranked during the war all ten colonels now senior to him; Merritt was appointed only a lieutenant colonel in 1866, while civilians like Thomas H. Ruger and Orlando B. Willcox were appointed to colonelcies for which Merritt, a Regular officer, was ineligible, and twenty years later Ruger and Willcox were both promoted to brigadier general ahead of him. Scott was promoted to major general in 1841 and was succeeded by Inspector General John E. Wool, the first promotion to brigadier general in over twenty years. [1], The Mexican War triggered a temporary increase in the number of general officers. [1] Four years later, with the War of 1812 looming, Congress authorized a massive expansion of the military establishment, led by two major generals; five more brigadier generals of the line; and an adjutant general, an inspector general, and a quartermaster general with ex officio ranks of brigadier general. There are 24 active duty general officers in the U.S. Space Force: two generals, six lieutenant generals, six major generals, and 10 brigadier generals. Awarded. Established Provost Marshal General with rank of brigadier general. Entries are indexed by the numerical order in which each officer was appointed to that rank while on active duty, or by an asterisk (*) if the officer did not serve in that rank while on active duty. Retitled Chief of Staff to the Lieutenant General as Chief of Staff to the General. List of brigadier generals in the United States Regular Army before February 2, 1901, List of brigadier generals before February 2, 1901. Portrait Name Date of rank Current position Ref 1 John W. Raymond: 25 October 2016: . [2], Historically, the United States Army included two components: the permanently established Regular Army, which constituted the peacetime force; and, during time of war, a much larger non-permanent establishment comprising various volunteer, conscript, and federalized state forces.[3]. (18351912) Brigadier general of volunteers, 27 May 189824 Feb 1899. [47] In 1821 another round of Army cuts reduced Macomb, Parker, and Henry T. Atkinson to colonel, leaving Gaines, Scott, and Quartermaster General Thomas S. Jesup as the Army's only brigadier generals. Brevet brigadier general and brevet major general, 13 Mar 1865. Scott was promoted to major general in 1841 and was succeeded by Inspector General John E. Wool, the first promotion to brigadier general in over twenty years. Orders were effective on 11 April to report to Langley Air Force Base, Virginia. "The United States Army in the War of 1812: Concise Biographies of Commanders and Operational Histories of Regiments, with Bibliographies of Published and Primary Sources". Established Chief of Ordnance with rank of brigadier general. Create a biography. Authorized retirement after forty years of service as an officer or soldier in the regular or volunteer service. The UK's Assistant Chief of Staff for Equipment, HQ Field Army, Brigadier Phil Prosser, CBE, added, "My role in the Field Army is to deliver safe, supported, available and ready equipment to meet. Stanford University Press. In addition to increasing the number of brigadier generals of the line from six to fifteen, the Army instituted a practice of funneling a succession of senior colonels through each vacancy in the grade of brigadier general, each officer in turn being promoted and retired at the higher rank and retired pay after only one day in grade. [64] It does not include legislation pertaining solely to appointments to that grade in the non-permanent establishment, or by brevet. Brig. Suspended all promotions to general officer until total reduced to one major general and two brigadier generals. [1], The number of Regular Army brigadier generals increased dramatically when the Army was reorganized after the SpanishAmerican War. [49], The postwar demobilization of the volunteers reduced most Civil War officers to much lower permanent grades in the Regular Army or to civilian life, so in 1866 Congress tripled the size of the Regular Army to create enough new force structure to reward officers with the grades their wartime service merited. best food for testis pain Menu. Established Inspector General with rank of brigadier general. 1 Taxonomy 2 List of brigadier generals before February 2, 1901 3 Timeline 3.1 Line 3.2 Staff 4 History 4.1 Northwest Indian War 4.2 Quasi-War 4.3 War of 1812 4.4 Mexican War 4.5 Civil War 4.6 Postwar 4.7 Spanish-American War 5 Legislative history 6 See also 7 Notes 8 Bibliography 8.1 Biographical registers 8.2 Other publications Taxonomy [ edit] Rucker served as Quartermaster General for only ten days before being retired at his own request, inaugurating a decades-long tradition of briefly elevating elderly staff officers to the top of their bureau as a reward for long service. Of the five general officers in the Regular Army at the outbreak of hostilities, Scott retired almost immediately, Wool and Harney were sidelined and retired midway through the war, Twiggs was dismissed for treason after surrendering the garrison in Texas, and Quartermaster General Joseph E. Johnston resigned to join the Confederate States Army. Awarded. Acts of January 11, 1812, and March 28, 1812. In 1864 James B. Fry was appointed Provost Marshal General with the rank of brigadier general to administer the non-Regular volunteers and draftees; unique among ex officio general officers of this era, Fry lost his rank when his office was abolished after the volunteers were disbanded in 1866. Jesup, appointed Quartermaster General at the age of 30, would serve a record 42 years as brigadier general, finally dying in office on the eve of the Civil War. ^ a b c 10 U.S.C. During the Civil War Congress augmented the permanent Regular Army with a massive temporary force of volunteers and conscripts. Suspended promotions to brigadier general until total reduced below eight. (18291903) Brigadier general of volunteers, 29 Nov 186224 Aug 1865. Gaines, Scott, and Jesup would monopolize the rank for a generation, spending a combined total of 104 years as brigadier generals. TOTAL ACTIVE MANPOWER: 549,153: 331,768: 201,031: 329,980. so the validity of numbers like '152 one-star Army Generals' is questionable. An officer could vacate the active-duty rank of brigadier general via death, retirement, resignation, discharge, promotion to a higher permanent grade, or reversion to a lower permanent grade upon relinquishing an office bearing the statutory rank of brigadier general. (18281902) Brigadier general of volunteers, 28 Sep 186129 Nov 1862; major general of volunteers, 29 Nov 18621 Feb 1866. (18391916) Brigadier general of volunteers, 4 May 189812 Jun 1899. Declined reappointment as brigadier general, 19 Jul 1798. - ADMIRAL1. or appointments in other organizations such as the United States Volunteers (vols.) (18281895) Brigadier general of volunteers, 7 May 186415 Jan 1866. Died in office. Chief of Staff and Deputy Commanding General for Army National Guard. [62] It does not include legislation pertaining solely to appointments to that grade in the non-permanent establishment, or by brevet. Established Provost Marshal General with rank of brigadier general. Retired for disability as brigadier general by Act of July 28, 1866, as the full rank of the command held when disabled. Established Chief of Engineers with rank of brigadier general. By mid-1862 permanent Regular Army brigadier generalcies were being dangled as rewards for particularly successful volunteer generals, many of whom had been civilians or very junior Regular officers before the war; these later appointments went to Colonels William T. Sherman and George H. Thomas; Major Winfield S. Hancock; Captains John Pope, George G. Meade, James B. McPherson, Philip H. Sheridan, and John M. Schofield; former Captain Joseph Hooker; and First Lieutenant Oliver O. Howard all major generals of volunteers and civilian Alfred H. Terry, a brigadier general of volunteers. Brevet brigadier general and brevet major general, 13 Mar 1865. Deputy Commanding General for Civil and Emergency Operations. Navy - 162 generals. (18001889) Brevet brigadier general, 18 Apr 1847; brevet major general, 13 Mar 1865. [1] In February 1882 President Chester A. Arthur involuntarily retired sixty-five-year-old Quartermaster General Montgomery C. Meigs in order to give seventy-year-old Assistant Quartermaster General Daniel H. Rucker the chance to be Quartermaster General himself before he died. During the War of 1812, brevet brigadier generals were functionally equivalent to substantive brigadier generals, but over the ensuing decades brevet ranks lost their authority and became strictly honorary distinctions. [61] Potter was succeeded by Colonel Orlando B. Willcox, another six-month general who was succeeded on a more permanent basis by Colonel Wesley Merritt. Military generals are also called general officers or GENs. Established Commissary General of Subsistence with rank of brigadier general. Retained as colonel adjutant general, 1 Jun 1821, but declined; assigned as colonel of infantry to rank from 15 Apr 1814. It includes periods during which the officer served at a higher brevet or temporary rank without vacating a permanent grade of brigadier general, but not periods during which the officer reverted to a lower permanent grade after serving as a brigadier general of the staff. In addition, the office of Adjutant General (Adj. There is the smallest ratio of general officers to enlisted currently in history, how is this leadership using its resources to combat the growing trends in suicides? Us navy generals is 162. The active duty U.S. Army personnel number has decreased from 2010 to 2020. It was also rare: until 1901 there were fewer than twenty brigadier generals on active duty at any given time. [45] In 1821 another round of Army cuts reduced Macomb, Parker, and Henry T. Atkinson to colonel, leaving Gaines, Scott, and Quartermaster General Thomas S. Jesup as the Army's only brigadier generals. Timeline Line By February 1, 1901, there were six brigadier generals of the line ( brig.gen. Many famous generals of the American Civil War held high rank only in the volunteer service, and reverted to much lower permanent grades in the Regular Army when the volunteers were disbanded after the war. [56], Political patronage weighed heavily in general officer appointments during this period. (17491812) Brigadier general of New York militia, 26 Mar 1781, and major general, 8 Oct 1793. Joint Resolution No. To recognize the many outstanding volunteer officers who had not been professional soldiers before the war, half of the new commissions were reserved for civilian volunteers and the other half for prewar professionals. ), and the Chief of the Records and Pension Office (C.of R.P.O.). (18271896) Brigadier general of volunteers, 2 May 18627 Jun 1864; major general of volunteers, 7 Jun 186415 Jan 1866. Female brigadier generals of the United States Army (32 C, 5 F) A John W. Aarsen (6 F) Frederic Vaughan Abbot (3 F) John Joseph Abercrombie (11 F) Clyde R. Abraham (3 F) Alfred F. Abramson III (6 F) Benjamin F. Adams III (5 F) Adlai H. Gilkeson (2 F) Frank Herman Albright (1 F) Charles Henry Alden (4 F) All structured data from the file namespace is available under the. August 17, 2020. pp. Edward J. Chrystal Jr. [3] [a] U.S. Army. A career intelligence and cyber officer, he is the first general . Awarded. 35 of April 12, 1870. (18341898) Brevet brigadier general of volunteers, 13 Mar 1865. Awarded, (18431920) Brigadier general of volunteers, 21 Sep 189830 Nov 1898. The list is sortable by active-duty appointment order, last name, date of rank, date vacated, and number of years on active duty as brigadier general. Matthew P. Easley [4] U.S. Army. [56] Carlin was promoted anyway when Otis agreed to defer his promotion at the behest of the next President, Grover Cleveland, who remembered Carlin fondly from a brief period of shared service early in the Civil War.[57]. Repealed requirement to immediately discharge the additional brigadier generals authorized by Act of June 18, 1846. Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) Major General. Reduced rank of Paymaster General to colonel. Suspended promotions to brigadier general until total reduced below six. Rank/Grade: Army. Merged Adjutant General and Inspector General into Adjutant and Inspector General with rank of brigadier general. Declined appointment as major general of volunteers, 13 Aug 1898. Even during times of war, the number of Regular Army brigadier generals remained relatively constant, because rather than expand the permanent military establishment to meet transient wartime requirements, the Regular Army served as a cadre for a much larger temporary force of volunteers and conscripts. The grade of brigadier general or one-star general is ordinarily the fourth-highest in the peacetime Army, ranking above and below two-star general. Gen. Tom Cosentino visits Regional Support Command-South 110919-F-AI078-075.jpg, Brig. The list is sortable by active-duty appointment order, last name, date of rank, date vacated, and number of years on active duty as brigadier general. Wade, Arthur P. (December 1976). This is a complete list of in the United States before February 2, 1901. Brevet major general, 13 Mar 1865. . Of the fifteen brigadier generals in the Army at the beginning of 1815, only five were retained in grade: Alexander Macomb, Edmund P. Gaines, Winfield Scott, Eleazar W. Ripley, and Adjutant and Inspector General Daniel Parker. Brevet brigadier general and brevet major general, 13 Mar 1865; brevet major general of volunteers, 28 Oct 1864. ), the Surgeon General (Surg.Gen. Legislative history compiled from: Callan; Thian; Eicher and Eicher; and the, Senate Military Affairs Committee Chairman, List of United States Army four-star generals, List of lieutenant generals in the United States Army before 1960, List of major generals in the United States Regular Army before July 1, 1920, Wood v. United States, 107 U.S. 414 (1883), General Orders No. Established Commissary General of Subsistence with rank of brigadier general. ), lieutenant general (Lt.gen. In August 2021, he was promoted to the grade of Brigadier General making him the first Latino JAG general officer in the Armed Forces. Gen. Williams awarded Legion of Merit DVIDS768909.jpg, Brigadier General (BGEN) Phillip Browning, right, assistant division commander, 7th Infantry Division (Light) meets with Honduran staff during Exercise CABANAS 88, a Joint Chiefs of - DPLA - ff03a852a3758ce96b7deddd2c150672.jpeg, Brigadier General Antonio J. Vincens in San Juan.jpg, Brigadier General Diana Holland, July 29, 2015.JPG, Brigadier General Eleazer A. Paine, Colonel of the 9th Illinois Infantry Regiment, half-length portrait, seated, facing front, in uniform LCCN2017647340.jpg, Brigadier General Frank Leo Howley, U.S. Army, 1949.jpg, Brigadier General George B Foster Junior.jpg, Brigadier General Ralph H Goldthwaite.jpg, Brigadier General William C Menninger.jpg, Brigadier General William J. Meehan II.jpg, Brigadier General, United States Army, 1886, from the Military Series (N224) issued by Kinney Tobacco Company to promote Sweet Caporal Cigarettes MET DPB872410.jpg, Charg dAffaires Michael Ratney at the Reichman Universitys Memorial Ceremony for the Victims of 9 11 and Terrorism 06.jpg, Charg dAffaires Michael Ratney at the Reichman Universitys Memorial Ceremony for the Victims of 9 11 and Terrorism 09.jpg, Charg dAffaires Michael Ratney at the Reichman Universitys Memorial Ceremony for the Victims of 9 11 and Terrorism 10.jpg, Charg dAffaires Michael Ratney at the Reichman Universitys Memorial Ceremony for the Victims of 9 11 and Terrorism 11.jpg, Charg dAffaires Michael Ratney at the Reichman Universitys Memorial Ceremony for the Victims of 9 11 and Terrorism 12.jpg, Charles A. Woodruff (US Army brigadier general).jpg, Charles Duval Roberts (US Army brigadier general).jpg, Charles G. Sawtelle (United States Army Quartermaster General).jpg, Charles G. Sawtelle (US Army Brigadier General).jpg, Charles Irving Martin (US Army major general).jpg, Charles Krauthoff (US Army brigadier general).jpg, Charles Solomon Kilburn (US Army brigadier general).jpg, Charles X. Zimmerman (US Army brigadier general).jpg, COCHRAN, WILLIAM B., GENERAL LCCN2016860288.jpg, COCHRAN, WILLIAM B., GENERAL LCCN2016860288.tif, COCHRAN, WILLIAM B.. GENERAL LCCN2016860289.jpg, COCHRAN, WILLIAM B.. GENERAL LCCN2016860289.tif, Colden Ruggles (US Army brigadier general).jpg, COLLINS, EDGAR GENERAL LCCN2016859473.jpg, COLLINS, EDGAR GENERAL LCCN2016859473.tif, Columbus M. Womble (US Army brigadier general).jpg, Coordinated Response Georgia National Guard.jpg, ANCExplorer Thomas Turpin Crittenden grave.jpg, Daniel H. Rucker (US Army Brigadier General).jpg, Daniel H. Rucker (US Army brigadier general).jpg, Daniel Parker (US Army Inspector General).jpg, Daniel W. Hand (US Army brigadier general).jpg, Dasha Burns talks with Brig. (18361918) Brigadier general of volunteers, 21 Sep 189830 Nov 1898. The Free Press. (18241897) Chief of Engineers. Established total of six brigadier generals. 22 Rows This Is A Complete List Of Brigadier Generals In The United States Regular Army Before February. [2], Historically, the United States Army included two components: the permanently established Regular Army, which constituted the peacetime force; and, during time of war, a much larger non-permanent establishment comprising various volunteer, conscript, and federalized state forces.[3]. As Smyth held no commission in the line, when his office of Inspector General was discontinued and replaced by the office of Adjutant and Inspector General on March 3, 1813, Smyth was considered to no longer be an officer in the Army. [53] Custer was killed in 1876 making his eponymous last stand at the Little Bighorn and Mackenzie was promoted to brigadier general in 1882 but pronounced hopelessly insane two years later and involuntarily retired, but Miles promoted to brigadier general in 1880 when President Rutherford B. Hayes agreed to accelerate Army promotions by involuntarily retiring Brigadier General Edward O. C. Ord ascended to command of the entire Army and retired as a lieutenant general. Congress cut the number of brigadier generals of the line to eight in 1869 and to six a year later; death, retirement, and murder eventually cleared the path for Lieutenant Colonel George Crook to become a brigadier general of the line in 1873, the only such promotion between 1869 and 1880. Brevet brigadier general and brevet major general, 13 Mar 1865. what can block gamma rays / duplicate entry for key 'primary hibernate / list of active duty brigadier generals. Hutton, pp. Established Quartermaster General with rank of brigadier general. To recognize the many outstanding volunteer officers who had not been professional soldiers before the war, half of the new commissions were reserved for civilian volunteers and the other half for prewar professionals. [41], In July 1798 the Quasi-War with France induced Congress to augment the Regular Army by raising a Provisional Army for the duration of the conflict. Increased rank of Surgeon General to brigadier general. "Civil War High Commands". (18181869) Brigadier general of volunteers, 1 Oct 18618 Oct 1862; major general of volunteers, 8 Oct 186230 Nov 1865. ^ "DNI Welcomes New Senior Military Adviser". Legislative history compiled from: Callan; Thian; Eicher and Eicher; and the, Senate Military Affairs Committee Chairman, List of United States Army four-star generals, List of lieutenant generals in the United States Army before 1960, List of major generals in the United States Regular Army before July 1, 1920, Wood v. United States, 107 U.S. 414 (1883), General Orders No. In January 1892 Secretary of War Stephen B. Elkins wanted to promote Colonel Eugene A. Carr to a vacant brigadier generalcy, but Elkins' influential predecessor, Vermont Senator Redfield Proctor, lobbied vigorously for Colonel Elwell S. Otis, while Commanding General of the Army John A. Schofield backed Colonel William P. Carlin, Senate Military Affairs Committee Chairman Joseph R. Hawley backed Colonel James W. Forsyth, and President pro tempore of the Senate Charles F. Manderson backed Colonel Frank Wheaton,[55] who ultimately received the appointment in April. (17981873) Chief of Engineers. Space Force generals, like in other U.S. armed services, are nominated by the president of the United States and confirmed by the Senate. Congress raised a new force of volunteers to fight the SpanishAmerican War in 1898, and mustered a second volunteer force a year later for the PhilippineAmerican War. (18101883) Chief of Engineers. Died in office. Heitman, p. 21. ), or general (Gen.). It is the largest established branch of the A.S. military. (18281895) Brigadier general of volunteers, 7 May 186415 Jan 1866. Dates are taken from Heitman, the Army Register, Eicher and Eicher, or Marquis Who's Who. (18391899) Brigadier general of volunteers, 4 May 18987 Dec 1898; major general of volunteers, 7 Dec 189812 Jun 1899. The list of brigadier generals is taken from Heitman, pp. By March 1906 the Army's retired list included 115 brigadier generals who had been promoted to that grade on the active list and immediately retired, plus another 101 who had been promoted on the retired list, so Congress called an end to the parade of one-day generals by requiring general officers to serve at least one year in grade before requesting retirement.[63]. Five men have held the rank of General of the Army (five star), George C. Marshall, Douglas MacArthur, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Omar Bradley, and Henry H. Arnold, who later became the only five-star general in the Air Force. ADS. (1) an officer who is a reserve component brigadier general of the army or the air force who is not eligible for consideration for promotion under subsection (a) because the officer is not on the reserve active status list (as required by paragraph (1) of that subsection for such eligibility) is nevertheless eligible for consideration for Abolished Adjutant and Inspector General. In contrast to previous wars, no additional general officers were authorized in the Regular Army, confining the expansion of the general officer corps entirely to the non-permanent volunteer service. Killed on duty. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. "Roads To The Top An Analysis of General-Officer Selection in the United States Army, 17891898". Retired June 01, 1974 Died December 29, 1994 Director of intelligence, J-2, . The maximum number of generals for each branch is: Army - 231 generals. This is a list of active duty United States Space Force general officers.There are currently 23 active duty general officers in the U.S. Space Force. Skelton, William B. Rather than vault the civilian Shields to potential command of the professional Army in a single bound, the administration instead promoted Colonel Persifor F. Smith, a distinguished career officer. [58], The use of brigadier generalcies as retirement gifts spread to the line in 1886 when Colonel Joseph H. Potter was promoted to brigadier general only six months before his statutory retirement date, signaling a shift in promotion policy to reward distinguished Civil War veterans with higher retired rank and pay. Heitman, pp 2123; Wade, "Roads to the Top.". In 1884 a court martial sentenced Judge Advocate General. (18341898) Brevet brigadier general of volunteers, 13 Mar 1865. 33, War Department, March 23, 1875, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res9D03EFD7133DE034BC4E53DFB566838E649FDE, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?resFA071FFD3959157493C1A81788D85F418584F9, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res9C01E6DB123DE034BC4E52DFB566838E649FDE, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res9804E1DB123DE034BC4F51DFB566838E649FDE, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res9D0DE4D91F39E533A25755C1A9649C94679FD7CF, http://newspaperarchive.com/PdfViewerTags.aspx?img=11329059&firstvisit=true&src=search¤tResult=12¤tPage=0&fpoFalse, http://digital.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=harp;cc=harp;rgn=full%20text;idno=harp0063-2;didno=harp0063-2;view=image;seq=328;node=harp0063-2:1;page=root;size=s;frmframeset, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res9E00E7DD1F3CE73AA15754C1A9659C94639ED7CF, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res9901E3DE1438E233A25752C2A9659C94639ED7CF, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res9F01E6D91F31E033A25755C1A9649C94629ED7CF, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res9E02E2DC1F3FEF33A25752C2A9649C94629ED7CF, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res9D07E1DD1031E033A25753C1A9659C94629ED7CF, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res9401E4D71330E533A25750C0A9629C94679FD7CF, http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=tj9fAAAAIBAJ&sjid=d1QNAAAAIBAJ&pg=3161,5245373&dq=brigadier&hlen, "Commanding Generals and Chiefs Of Staff, 17752005: Portraits & Biographical Sketches of the United States Army's Senior Officer", http://www.history.army.mil/books/cg&csa/CG-TOC.htm, "Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York, Since Its Establishment in 1802", http://www.library.usma.edu/archives/special.asp, "Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army: From Its Organization, September 29, 1789, To March 2, 1903", http://www.archive.org/details/historicalregis05heitgoog, "The Army of the United States: Historical Sketches of Staff and Line With Portraits of General-in-Chief", http://www.history.army.mil/books/R&H/R&H-FM.htm, "The Army Lawyer: A History of the Judge Advocate General's Corps, 17751975", http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/lawyer.pdf, "Official Opinions of the Attorneys-General of the United States, advising the President and Heads of Departments in relation to their official duties, and expounding the Constitution, treaties with foreign governments and with Indian tribes, and the public laws of the country", http://books.google.com/books?id=dsVDAAAAIAAJ&pgPA83, "The Military Laws of the United States, relating to the Army, Volunteers, Militia, And To Bounty Lands And Pensions, From the Foundation of the Government to the Year 1863", http://books.google.com/books?idugVCAAAAIAAJ, "Sheridan's Lieutenants: Phil Sheridan, His Generals, and the Final Year of the Civil War", http://books.google.com/books?id=0VkpTDeuZ8AC&pgPA137, "The Life and Legacy of David Rogerson Williams", http://books.google.com/books?id=OUMUAAAAYAAJ&pgPA103, "The Way West: True Stories of the American Frontier", http://books.google.com/books?id=ZG7LwVNM_J8C&pgPA242, "The Papers of Jefferson Davis: 18531855", http://books.google.com/books?id=jmL_IBbRaUAC&pgPA97, "Hearings before the Committee on Military Affairs of the United States Senate on the Army Appropriation Bill for the Fiscal Year 19061907", http://books.google.com/books?id=DzoTAAAAIAAJ&pgPA81, "The History and Legal Effect of Brevets in the Armies of Great Britain and the United States from Their Origin in 1692 to the Present Time", http://books.google.com/books?id=gDI-AAAAIAAJ&pgPA70, "The Hard School of War: A Collective Biography of the General Officers of the United States Army in the War of 1812, Part I: The Class of 1812", http://www.napoleon-series.org/military/Warof1812/2006/Issue2/c_generals.html, "The Hard School of War: A Collective Biography of the General Officers of the United States Army in the War of 1812, Part II: The Class of 1813", http://www.napoleon-series.org/military/Warof1812/2006/Issue3/c_generals3.html, "The Hard School of War: A Collective Biography of the General Officers of the United States Army in the War of 1812, Part III: The Class of 1814", http://www.napoleon-series.org/military/Warof1812/2006/Issue4/c_generals4.html, http://books.google.com/books?id=Spck92Ba2GwC&pgPA134, http://books.google.com/books?id=bp5BAAAAYAAJ&pgPA91, http://books.google.com/books?id=An67BPcBTQAC&pgPA137, "The Making of a Major General: the Politics of Command of the North West Army, 181213", http://www.napoleon-series.org/military/Warof1812/2008/Issue10/c_Harrison.html, "The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, July 1798 March 1799", http://books.google.com/books?id=YQSRd4HgYNwC&pgPA387, "Legislative History of the General Staff of the Army of the United States (its Organization, Duties, Pay, and Allowances) from 1775 to 1901", http://www.archive.org/details/legislativehisto00unitrich, "Mr. Polk's Army: The American Military Experience in the Mexican War", http://books.google.com/books?id=LViNNDlnlOgC&pgPA32, "Nelson A. banco cuscatlan whatsapp, is mercia tinker still alive, ( 18181869 ) brigadier general 18351912 ) brigadier general, 26 Mar 1781 and! 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