This strengthened dialectal differences and for centuries prevented the establishment of any standardized "national" language. [541] Prevalent styles of the late 20th-century were Art Nouveau,[542] Constructivism,[543] and Socialist Classicism. [92] These reforms spurred industrialisation, and modernised the Imperial Russian Army, which liberated much of the Balkans from Ottoman rule in the aftermath of the 18771878 Russo-Turkish War. [180], In 1999, president Yeltsin unexpectedly resigned, handing the post to the recently appointed prime minister and his chosen successor, Vladimir Putin. In the 1930s, Socialist realism became the predominant trend in Russia. According to the Eurobarometer 2005 survey,[66] fluency in Russian remains fairly high (2040%) in some countries, in particular those where the people speak a Slavic language and thereby have an edge in learning Russian[further explanation needed] (namely, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Bulgaria). The Moscow Kremlin and the Saint Basil's Cathedral are among the cultural landmarks of Russia. [7] Russia has a low official unemployment rate of 4.1%. [71] The Romanov dynasty acceded to the throne in 1613 by the decision of the Zemsky Sobor, and the country started its gradual recovery from the crisis. Besides Russia itself, Russian is an official language in Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan, and is used widely as a lingua franca throughout Ukraine, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and to some extent in the Baltic states. Together with Ukrainian and Belarusian, the Russian language makes up the eastern branch of the Slavic family of languages. . . WebRussia ( Russian: , Rossiya, [rsij] ), or the Russian Federation, [c] is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. WebRussia ( Russian: , Rossiya, [rsij] ), or the Russian Federation, [c] is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. KOI8-R was designed by the Soviet government and was intended to serve as the standard encoding. [584], Russian philosophy has been greatly influential. ", "Russia's population undergoes largest ever peacetime decline, analysis shows", "Russia's Demographic Collapse Is Accelerating", "Ukraine war threatens to deepen Russia's demographic crisis", "EAll- Russian population census 2010 Population by nationality, sex and subjects of the Russian Federation", International Journal of Political Economy, "Mapped: Which country has the most immigrants? [134] Another German failure was the Siege of Leningrad, in which the city was fully blockaded on land between 1941 and 1944 by German and Finnish forces, and suffered starvation and more than a million deaths, but never surrendered. [51] According to the Primary Chronicle, a Varangian from the Rus' people, named Rurik, was elected ruler of Novgorod in 862. [634] Russia was the host nation for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup,[635] and the 2018 FIFA World Cup. [454] However, various experts have claimed Russia's linguistic diversity is rapidly declining due to many languages becoming endangered. [457][458] The amendments of 2020 to the constitution added, in the Article 67, the continuity of the Russian state in history based on preserving "the memory of the ancestors" and general "ideals and belief in God" which the ancestors conveyed. [61] When the seat of the Metropolitan of the Russian Orthodox Church moved to Moscow in 1325, its influence increased. [637], Ice hockey is very popular in Russia, and the Soviet national ice hockey team dominated the sport internationally throughout its existence. [84][85] Consonants include a fricative //, a semivowel /wu/ and /xxvxw/, whereas the Standard and Northern dialects have the consonants //, /v/, and final /l/ and /f/, respectively. [24][25] It was the de facto language of the former Soviet Union,[26] and continues to be used in public life with varying proficiency in all of the post-Soviet states. The second 20-volumed edition was begun in 1991, but not all volumes have been finished. [144] Dependent communist governments were installed in the Eastern Bloc satellite states. Contains many dialectal, local, and obsolete words. [328] During the 2022 invasion of Ukraine, Russia has set up filtration camps where many Ukrainians are subjected to abuses and forcibly sent to Russia; the camps have been compared to those used in the Chechen Wars. Because of many technical restrictions in computing and also because of the unavailability of Cyrillic keyboards abroad, Russian is often transliterated using the Latin alphabet. Reading of excerpt of Pushkin's "Winter Evening" ( ), 1825. [44], The inhabitants of Rus' regional centres would later evolve into modern nationalities: Belarusians in the northwest, Russians in the north and northeast, and Ukrainians in the southeast and southwest. Russian grammar encompasses: The spoken language has been influenced by the literary one but continues to preserve characteristic forms. [44], The establishment of the first East Slavic states in the 9th century coincided with the arrival of Varangians, the Vikings who ventured along the waterways extending from the eastern Baltic to the Black and Caspian Seas. [42] It is also regarded by the United States Intelligence Community as a "hard target" language, due to both its difficulty to master for English speakers and its critical role in U.S. world policy. WebRussian language, Russian Russki yazyk, principal state and cultural language of Russia. (mlodets "fine young man"), (uznyu "I shall learn it") (uznay "I recognize it"), (otrezt "to be cutting") (otrzat "to have cut"); to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words, especially personal and family names, like (afra, "scandal, affair"), (gru, "guru"), (Garca), (Olsha), (Fermi), and to show which is the stressed word in a sentence, for example ? [534] Aristotle Fioravanti and other Italian architects brought Renaissance trends into Russia. 2010 . 2 mins. [23], The first human settlement on Russia dates back to the Oldowan period in the early Lower Paleolithic. Russian has preserved an Indo-European synthetic-inflectional structure, although considerable leveling has occurred. [149] The general easement of repressive policies became known later as the Khrushchev Thaw. [329][330], Russia has a mixed economy,[332] with enormous natural resources, particularly oil and natural gas. [299] The Russian government has been widely criticised by political dissidents and human rights activists for unfair elections,[300] crackdowns on opposition political parties and protests,[301][302] persecution of non-governmental organisations and enforced suppression and killings of independent journalists,[303][304][305] and censorship of mass media and internet. The yers and originally indicated the pronunciation of ultra-short or reduced //, //. The Russian perspective. [103] The monarchy was replaced by a shaky coalition of political parties that declared itself the Provisional Government. [80] As a result of victories over Qajar Iran through the Russo-Persian Wars, by the first half of the 19th century, Russia also conquered the Caucasus. [224] The Siberian rivers of Ob, Yenisey, Lena, and Amur are among the world's longest rivers. [545] In the 19th-century, it was defined by the tension between classical composer Mikhail Glinka along with other members of The Mighty Handful, who were later succeeded by the Belyayev circle,[546] and the Russian Musical Society led by composers Anton and Nikolay Rubinstein. [citation needed], In 2010, there were 259.8million speakers of Russian in the world: in Russia 137.5 million, in the CIS and Baltic countries 93.7million, in Eastern Europe 12.9million, Western Europe 7.3million, Asia 2.7million, Middle East and North Africa 1.3million, Sub-Saharan Africa 0.1million, Latin America 0.2million, U.S., Canada, Australia and New Zealand 4.1million speakers. [164], The economic and political collapse of the Soviet Union led Russia into a deep and prolonged depression. Though each of the constituent republics had its own official language, the unifying role and superior status was reserved for Russian, although it was declared the official language only in 1990. [607], Russia's national non-alcoholic drink is kvass,[608] and the national alcoholic drink is vodka; its creation in the nation dates back to the 14th century. [7][8][9] It has some official roles, being permitted in official documentation and is the lingua franca of the country and the language of the elite. Primary school is compulsory for eleven years, starting from age 6 to 7, and leads to a basic general education certificate. In the 18th and the late 19th centuries, a period known as the "Golden Age" of Russian Literature, the grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation of the Russian language in a standardized literary form emerged. Saint Petersburg is Russia's cultural centre and second-largest city. [citation needed], The Northern Russian dialects and those spoken along the Volga River typically pronounce unstressed /o/ clearly, a phenomenon called okanye (). [70] Additionally, 1,854,700 residents of Kyrgyzstan aged 15 and above fluently speak Russian as a second language, or 49.6% of the population in the age group. Russian, the most spoken Slavic language, is the shared mother tongue of the Russians; and Orthodox Christianity is their historical religion since the 11th century. [193] The invasion marked the largest conventional war in Europe since World WarII,[194] and was met with widespread international condemnation,[195] as well as expanded sanctions against Russia. [53], In 2005, Russian was the most widely taught foreign language in Mongolia,[73] and was compulsory in Year 7 onward as a second foreign language in 2006.[20]. The Russian republic was established immediately after the Russian Revolution of 1917 and became a union republic in 1922. Depends who you ask", "The Decembrists: Russia's First Revolutionaries", Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, "Triple Alliance and Triple Entente, 19021914", "From Tsar to U.S.S.R.: Russia's Chaotic Year of Revolution", "How the Red Terror set a macabre course for the Soviet Union", "Russian Civil War Casualties and consequences of the war", American Academy of Political and Social Science, "Famine in Russia: the hidden horrors of 1921", "Socialism in One Country: A Study of Pragmatism and Ideology in the Soviet 1920s", "The Soviet victory in the Battle of Berlin finished Nazi Germany", "Russia's Monumental Tributes To The 'Great Patriotic War', "The Soviet Union after 1945: Economic Recovery and Political Repression", "Potsdam and the Origins of the Cold War", "To the Brink: Turkish and Cuban Missiles during the Height of the Cold War", "Yuri Gagarin: the spaceman who came in from the cold", "Nationalism and the Collapse of Soviet Communism", "Independence for Baltic States: Freedom: Moscow formally recognizes Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, ending half a century of control. The Russian-imposed governor of Sevastopol, Mikhail Razvozhayev, has posted to Telegram to say that in total the air defences of the Crimean city repulsed 10 drones from Ukraine this morning. A Russian man who reportedly is a former high-ranking member of the group has sought asylum in Norway, authorities said on Jan. 16, 2023. Constitution of the Russian Federation", "Article 17. [54], In Latvia, Russian is officially considered a foreign language. [615] Television is the most popular medium in Russia. . . . Cyberwarfare and airspace violations, along with electoral interference, have been used to increase perceptions of Russian power. [474] The Ministry of Education of Russia is responsible for primary and secondary education, as well as vocational education; while the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia is responsible for science and higher education. [383] It is home to the world's finest caviar, the beluga; and produces about one-third of all canned fish, and some one-fourth of the world's total fresh and frozen fish. [238], Russia, by constitution, is an asymmetric federal republic,[239] with a semi-presidential system, wherein the president is the head of state,[240] and the prime minister is the head of government. [92], The Russian alphabet has many systems of character encoding. [537], After the reforms of Peter the Great, Russia's architecture became influenced by Western European styles. [91] Nicholas's successor AlexanderII (18551881) enacted significant changes throughout the country, including the emancipation reform of 1861. With the onset of the Cold War, it competed with the United States for global ideological influence; the Soviet era of the 20th century saw some of the most significant Russian technological achievements, including the first human-made satellite and the first human expedition into outer space. [501] Russia is the leading nation in rhythmic gymnastics; and Russian synchronised swimming is considered to be the world's best. Coordinates: 66N 94E / 66N 94E / 66; 94. [citation needed], Mikhail Lomonosov compiled the first book of Russian grammar aimed at standardization in 1755. Orthographic, current language, several editions, Great Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language. 1. [568] Following Pushkin's footsteps, a new generation of poets were born, including Mikhail Lermontov, Nikolay Nekrasov, Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy, Fyodor Tyutchev and Afanasy Fet. [312] It impacts various sectors, including the economy,[313] business,[314] public administration,[315] law enforcement,[316] healthcare,[317][318] education,[319] and the military. Mike Myrianthis, a Greek oil industry veteran, believes that whoever bombed the Nord Stream 2 pipeline opened a can of worms. In some cases, both the East Slavic and the Church Slavonic forms are in use, with many different meanings. Fighting continues after a 36-hour Russian-proposed ceasefire which Ukraine dismissed as a cynical ploy ended overnight Saturday. According to the United States Census, in 2007 Russian was the primary language spoken in the homes of over 850,000 individuals living in the United States. Occasionally referred to as "autonomous district", "autonomous area", and "autonomous region", each with a substantial or predominant ethnic minority. Once an underdeveloped, peasant society, Russia underwent an intense centrally The French invasion of Russia at the height of Napoleon's power in 1812 reached Moscow, but eventually failed miserably as the obstinate resistance in combination with the bitterly cold Russian winter led to a disastrous defeat of invaders, in which the pan-European Grande Arme faced utter destruction. [44] By the 12th century, Kiev lost its pre-eminence and Kievan Rus' had fragmented into different principalities. [53][54], In the 10th to 11th centuries, Kievan Rus' became one of the largest and most prosperous states in Europe. Official Calls for Tribunal for War Crimes in Ukraine", "E.U. The Russian Genitive of Negation and Its Japanese Counterpart. Greene, by Samuel A. and Graeme B. Robertson. [470], In 2012, the research organisation Sreda, in cooperation with the Ministry of Justice, published the Arena Atlas, an adjunct to the 2010 census, enumerating in detail the religious populations and nationalities of Russia, based on a large-sample country-wide survey. [279] Russia maintains cordial relations with Iran, as it is a strategic and economic ally. [439], Russia is a multinational state with many subnational entities associated with different minorities. [217], Russia, as one of the world's only three countries bordering three oceans,[209] has links with a great number of seas. Licensed under CC BY 4.0 (license statement/permission). Russian is written using a Cyrillic alphabet. The most common type of federal subject with a governor and locally elected legislature. [68], In Kazakhstan, Russian is not a state language, but according to article 7 of the Constitution of Kazakhstan its usage enjoys equal status to that of the Kazakh language in state and local administration. [231] About half of Russia's territory is forested,[7] and it has the world's largest area of forest,[232] which sequester some of the world's highest amounts of carbon dioxide. The Russian president this week hailed his 'prisoner army' with his spokesman declaring Russia 'must know - and knows - its heroes'. [486] In 2019, the overall life expectancy in Russia at birth was 73.2 years (68.2 years for males and 78.0 years for females),[487] and it had a very low infant mortality rate (5 per 1,000 live births). [311] Russia has a long history of corruption, which is seen as a significant problem. [581] Nikolay Ostrovsky's novel How the Steel Was Tempered has been among the most successful works of Russian literature. [516] Other patriotic holidays include Russia Day on 12 June, celebrated to commemorate Russia's declaration of sovereignty from the collapsing Soviet Union;[517] and Unity Day on 4 November, commemorating the 1612 uprising which marked the end of the Polish occupation of Moscow. WebThe Russians (Russian: , romanized: russkie) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe, who share a common Russian ancestry, culture, and history. [399] Lev Landau made fundamental contributions to many areas of theoretical physics. [426], Moscow, the nation's cosmopolitan capital and historic core, is a bustling megacity. [132] Subsequently, the Germans were dealt major defeats first at the Battle of Stalingrad in the winter of 19421943,[133] and then in the Battle of Kursk in the summer of 1943. The Russian president this week hailed his 'prisoner army' with his spokesman declaring Russia 'must know - and knows - its heroes'. The number of native Russian-speaking Israelis numbers around 1.5million Israelis,[74] 15% of the population. [272] Russia wields influence across the geopolitically important South Caucasus and Central Asia; and the two regions have been described as Russia's "backyard". [622] Dziga Vertov's "Kino-Eye" theory had a huge impact on the development of documentary filmmaking and cinema realism. [432], Since the 1990s, Russia's death rate has exceeded its birth rate, which some analysts have called a demographic crisis. [83][84] All dialects are also divided into two main chronological categories: the dialects of primary formation (the territory of the Grand Duchy of Moscow roughly consists of the modern Central and Northwestern Federal districts) and secondary formation (other territories where Russian was brought by migrants from primary formation territories or adopted by the local population). Citation needed ], the first human settlement on Russia dates back to the Oldowan period the. Forms are in use, with many different meanings of the russian gypsy last names republic was established immediately after Russian. Lower Paleolithic significant changes throughout the country, including russian gypsy last names emancipation reform of.... Many dialectal, local, and Amur are among the cultural landmarks of.... In 1922 for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup, [ 635 ] Socialist! Spoken language has been greatly influential Cathedral are among the cultural landmarks of.. 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