secondary switchgear 8DJH. The Complete Guide to Medium Voltage Switchgear. (PD) or corona might cause high-frequency emissions, but, in the medium-voltage range, the radio interference voltagethe more easily measurable equivalent of interference radiationis negligibly low and does not require any proof of emission limit values. Switchgear designed for front-only access can be mounted with the rear surface directly against a wall. The unit is kV r ms at 1 min. After meggering, terminate the wires to panels and inspect the cable terminations for tightnesscomplete earth terminals of all components and their related connections. Electrical switchgear is composed of devices that switch and protect, such as switches, fuses, isolators, circuit breakers, protective relays, control panels, lightning arrestors, current transformers, potential transformers, auto reclosers, and other related equipment. The box is large and robust, with little distortion. When compared to air, gas insulation has a substantially higher dielectric strength. It is imperative to take extra care during the installation procedure to safeguard the safety of all employees. They also provide protection to individuals and equipment throughout the facility by limiting the current flow through the system to safe levels. RMU substation or gas insulated substation. Medium-voltage vacuum circuit breakers have symmetrical interrupt values ranging from 25 kAIC to 63 kAIC. In type 2, the equipment must be arc-resistant along the entire perimeter. Envirotemp FR3 fluid is produced from food-grade additives and edible vegetable oils. Generator circuit breakers tested to IEEE C37.013/C37.013a. Please connect me by this email address: switchgearcontent@g hi I am interested in auto line sectionalizer A Portable Gas Leak Detector is a must-have for any home or Hi Thank you. The solid dielectric switchgear has low dielectric losses, great mechanical strength, and thermal and chemical damage resistance thanks to the balance of non-conductive materials and air gaps. Some say 850 years (with a range from 580 to 1400 years) [5] while other research suggesting closer to 1278 years (with a range of 1120 to 1475) [6]. Be it energy supply corporations, industry or power stations, any owner or user of primary distribution systems for medium voltage places high demands on the switchgear. Voltage sensors KEVA C Enclosures may include fixed and removable components and may be filled with fluid (liquid or gas) to provide insulation. The action you just performed triggered the security solution. 4-Medium voltage Metal-enclosed switchgear routine tests, 5-Guide to the selection of switchgear and controlgear. Energy supply corporations, industry or power stations, any owner or user of primary distribution systems for medium voltage places high demands on the Medium Voltage Switchgear. Lets get started. The range of 100,000V is commonly referred to as medium voltage (MV). Pad-mounted switchgear is appropriate for utility distribution, feeder sectionalizing, and circuit protection applications due to its outside rated, low profile, and a tamper-resistant design. Among these, the rectangular-shaped one is the most used. The rated normal current refers to the RMS value of current that equipment can handle when permanently closed without exceeding the temperature rise specified in regulations is referred to as Ir (A). The circuit breakers vibration signature is measured during vibration testing. Setup the relays, timers, and other components as per the manufacturers instructions. Look for signs of dampness, corrosion, or damage on electrical and mechanical parts. Another advantage of gas-insulated switchgears is that they do not need much maintenance. Auto reclosures and sectionalisers are used in the distribution networks of medium voltage switchgear up to 33 kV class. The system can also measure power consumption if it is equipped with power meters. While air is the most common insulator, gas and fluid insulation provide higher dielectric strength, allowing the switchgear structures to be smaller. 2021-08-16 Mastering Medium Voltage Switchgear; 2021-08-16 Mastering Medium Voltage Switchgear; 2021-02-17 Understanding Medium Voltage Switchgear Drawings Schematics; 2020-11-10 Understanding Medium Voltage Switchgear Drawings/Schematics; 2020-11-08 Understanding Medium Voltage Switchgear Drawings/Schematics; 2023-01-06 Mastering Medium . The switchgear companies offer a selection of conventional cubical constructions, which can be integrated to build the optimal switchgear for the purpose.The medium voltage cubicle is distinguished into four types: The incomer feeder cubicle consists of a withdrawable circuit breaker, current transformer set, earth switch, and voltage transformer. You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked. Circuit breakers are rated at normal rated voltage and maximum operating voltage. What is the Voltage Range of Medium Voltage Switchgear? Figure 2 - Outdoor medium voltage switchgear in a compact substation. 1.The Load, 1. Who is Jean Jean is one of my electrical enclosure customers from French Guiana who is an electrical contractor mainly dealing with local government, 22 Pioneer Crescent #02-06 West Park BizCentral Singapore 628556, 2022 E-Abel. There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command or malformed data. Medium voltage from design to installation. Hitachi Energy surge arresters are made of metal-oxide (MO) resistors without . Withdrawable MV switchgear enables for the withdrawal of specific components such as the circuit breaker from the main enclosure without interfering with the operation of the rest of the switchboard, which is preferred over traditional switchgear that does not provide this benefit. Oil switches are often found in pad-mounted switchgear where the oil insulation permits construction of a compact, low-profile enclosure. Its used on all of the equipment terminals. Also, make sure that slots for bolts and passage cable provisions are procured as needed. To Ensure the Safety of a Busbar System, Do the Following Tests: The dielectric withstand rating depends on the following attributes: The protection index measures how well an enclosure protects against access to dangerous parts, solid foreign bodies, and water penetration. Supported File : JPG, AI, PNG, PDF, CAD, JPEG. This trend is being driven by the fact that the vacuum switchgear is more environment . Note: Although primarily dedicated to three-phase systems, this standard can also be applied to single-phase or two-phase systems. EMSCO has been specializing in used and refurbished medium voltage switchgear options for over 72 years. Our medium voltage portfolio of products includes air-insulated switchgear and ring main units. They also protect people and equipment throughout the facility by restricting the amount of current flowing through the system to safe limits. Eaton is an intelligent power management company dedicated to improving the quality of life and protecting the environment for people everywhere. Scroll down to learn more about medium voltage. Busbar material and configuration, as well as the maximum allowable temperature rise, are the significant factors influencing busbar rating. HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY ELECTRICAL-ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Summer Practice Report Medium Voltage Switchgears and Low Voltage Distribution Student Name: Umut ERSOY Summer Practice Dates: 08.07.2019 - 20.09.2019 Company Name: AFB Enerji Mhendislik Ltd. ti f Index 1.Technical Principles of Electric Power Distribution . Medium voltage switchgear refers to switchgear systems that can sustain voltages between 3 and 36 kV. Learn more about HB3 medium-voltage vacuum generator circuit breaker switchgear. From powering homes and businesses to providing energy for industries and vehicles, this versatile technology is an essential part of modern life. At ABB, we believe in a world in which nature . Medium voltage switchgear is a rudimentary device specifically built to stabilize any uneven or irregular flow of electricity, and they are used to minimize potential damages during unexpected circumstances. Install the fundamental operating instructions for main distribution boards, including control and key interlocking sequences and emergency procedures for security reasons. Medium voltage switchgear is used in a wide range of settings, from small-scale installations to large-scale networks. This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. The vacuum allows the arc to be swiftly extinguished, lowering arc energy. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. As this is a medium-range voltage, the switchgear is called medium voltage switchgear. The product range are up to 13.8 KV. Please enable JavaScript and reload the site. Learn more about air-insulated, vacuum replacement circuit breakers 5 kV-27 kV. Required fields are marked *. The function of these components is to disperse excess voltage within the MV switchgear to the ground. This switchgear is engineered to be tamper-resistant, making them appropriate for circuit protection applications. Our medium- and high-voltage systems and solutions are subjected to rigorous quality control . Switchgear can be found in a variety of places, including electric utility transmission and distribution systems, as well as medium to large commercial and industrial buildings. Part 1: Common specifications for alternating current switchgear and controlgear:-Cl. For this frequent high current circuit breaker activity, a standard vacuum circuit breaker is the best option. Tested to IEEE C37.013 and C37.013a standard for generator circuit breakers. It biodegrades wholly and swiftly in both soil and marine environments. It is the current that passes through the equipment. All ASCO 7000 SERIES Medium Voltage Transfer Switches utilize industry leading breaker technology and are approved with internal arc classification IAC A FLR, loss of service continuity category LSC 2B and partition class PM. Medium voltage switchgear is a rudimentary device specifically built to stabilize any uneven or irregular flow of electricity, and they are used to minimize potential damages during unexpected circumstances.Scroll down to learn more about medium voltage electrical switchgear, their components, and where to get the best ones. Fuse and switch are often used in medium-voltage switchgear applications to provide overcurrent protection and the ability to open and close the circuit. Ensure that the busbar system does not resonate under normal and abnormal operating conditions. A switchgear line-up or assembly is a combination of one or more of these structures.Switchgear can be found in a variety of places, including electric utility transmission and distribution systems, as well as medium to large commercial and industrial buildings. It also safeguards electrical power lines and overload and short circuit currents. Electrical switchgear is composed of devices that switch and protect, such as switches. Welcome to the premier industrial source for Switchgear: Medium Voltage. Compact switchgear is a minimal switchgear system that includes a live tank circuit breaker, double-sided disconnect switch, and other AIS equipment, all located on the same frame. Its critical to utilize a fluid thats both fire-resistant and environmentally safe. Interrupting ratings only apply to the actual overcurrent protective devices that are interrupting the circuit under fault conditions, not to the switchgear assembly itself. Siemens experience gained in over 80 years of supplying metal-clad switchgear in the U.S. has been captured in the type GM-SG-AR design. offer a selection of conventional cubical constructions, which can be integrated to build the optimal switchgear for the purpose.The medium voltage cubicle is distinguished into four types: that encompasses a circuit breaker, current transformer, and earth switch. It is determined in a laboratory by the rated power-frequency withstanding voltage for one minute. This voltage range consists of some common voltage ratings like 5 kV, 12 kV, 15 kV, 35 kV, and that's what makes this . He contacted us by clicking the WhatsApp button on eabel.com. Continuous current ratings for medium-voltage switchgear can typically range from 600A to 4000A. Check the panel structure and component and wire arrangement with approved schematic diagrams. Cooper Power series VFI underground distribution switchgear. E-Houses are customized, pre-assembled, and pre-tested modular power substations. The vacuum allows the arc to be extinguished quickly, reducing the arc energy. arc, is a significant part of the circuit voltage in 480 V equipment, while it is less than 10% of the circuit voltage in 4.16 kV and 13.8kV equipment. They may be metal-enclosed indoor type switchgear, metal-enclosed outdoor type switchgear, outdoor type switchgear without metal enclosure, from enclosure manufacturers.The switchgears interruption medium could be insulating oil, SF6 gas, or vacuum. IEC standards cover a vast range of technologies from power generation, transmission, and distribution to home appliances and office equipment, semiconductors, fiber optics, batteries, solar energy, nanotechnology, and marine energy as well as many others. IEC 62271-200 is the standard for it. The following are the essential functions that medium voltage switchgear can perform: The operations above should be carried out safely. The magnitude of current that the overcurrent protective device may safely interrupt without harming itself or the switchgear is called the interrupt rating. Electricity, as valuable as it is, nevertheless poses a risk. Mineral oil is a petroleum-based insulator with reliable electrical insulating qualities. An electrical currents travel and velocity curves are measured during travel and velocity testing to determine interruption capability. Performance & security by Cloudflare. High, medium and low voltage switchgear power systems are designed for safe power distribution and to help eliminate any failures in the power equipment. 1.1: Note: For the use of this standard, high voltage is the . document.getElementById( "ak_js" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Im Paul, the sales manager at E-abel. For reliable electrical energy distribution, Avail's PowerAisle II family of medium voltage switchgear has represented high quality, defined over 50 years of design and manufacturing experience. Indoor substations are better suited for areas with insufficient space for building substations. Click on the link for Siemens' request-for-quote (RFQ), purchase order (PO) and post-delivery support portal for select low- and medium-voltage power distribution equipment, services, electric-vehicle charging products, and automation consulting and solutions. Vacuum switches are featured in Eaton's. Most electrical appliances used in household, commercial and industrial applications work with low voltage. Switchgear Short-Circuit or Withstand Ratings. ought to provide MV that should be able to do the following: IEEE C37.74 defines vault or subsurface switchgear. Electrical components such as fuses, circuit breakers, and switches are put in separate metal portions in metal-clad controls to ensure additional safety. IEC Standards play a very important role in familiarizing and testing different switchgears. This type of switchgear can facilitate electrical distribution, monitor and offer protection for switchgear ratings between 1kV and 75kV. If the switchgear is placed in an air-conditioned environment, well ventilated, and clean, it does not need frequent maintenance, but certain inspections must be made from time to time. The gas-filled sealed container allows for a low-profile, compact installation. Jan 12, 2023 (The Expresswire) -- Global Low Voltage and Medium Voltage Switchgear Market research report presents . Suffix B designates equipment where normal operation of the equipment involves opening the door or cover on compartments specifically identified as low-voltage control or instrumentation compartments. Voltas Medium Voltage (MV) Products include 5 kV, 15 kV, 27 kV, or 38 kV switchgear, non-arc-resistant or arc-resistant. The circuit breaker in a railway traction systems principal role is to interrupt a short circuit on the overhead catenary system, which happens frequently and is temporary. Your email address will not be published. Siemens' low- and medium-voltage switchgear solutions are rugged and reliable by design to meet the demanding, dynamic requirements of modern distribution grids. On units and components, remove the temporary channels and mounts from the main distribution board. Switchgear is represented by a set of boxes, as you can see in the images above. This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. A voltage transformer (VT) is an instrument transformer in which the secondary voltage is nearly proportional to the primary voltage and is phrased differently by around zero degrees. Rated voltage Ur (kV) denotes the maximum voltage that the equipment can handle. Oil switch is a switching device that is submerged in an oil-filled enclosure. Cloudflare Ray ID: 78bab87e7e929191 High voltages range from 115,000 to 230,000 VAC and Extra-High voltages range from 345,000 to 765,000 VAC. Need help identifying the medium voltage switchgear you need to replace, use our website to find it. ABB (ANSI, IEC, plug ARC Resistant) Eaton (ANSI, plus 38kv) GE (ANSI) Siemens (ANSI, IEC . The current is interrupted by the melting of an electrical wire or strip designed to melt at a prescribed time/temperature rating. In todays world, it is more important than ever for our customers to have flexible and convenient ways to be able to learn about and experience how Siemens products and solutions can help them achieve their goals from medium- and low-voltage power distribution to the next generation of photovoltaic and eMobility products and solutions. The components of a power distribution cabinet include: Busbars, circuit breakers, conventional relays, measuring instruments, and various other electronic components can be found inside a power cabinet. . Learn more. Tightness testing is the process of manually checking the tightness of breaker connections. We offer a complete range of medium-voltage switchgear and controlgear in accordance with the national and international standards in quality and safety. The isolator and circuit breaker constitute the busbar system. Gas insulated switchgear (GIS) has sealed enclosure(s) filled with insulating gas sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) or mixture of SF6 and other insulating gases recently released to the market. The DF-2 cubicles and associated air insulated switchgear solutions offer a wide range of applications and can be used worldwide in many industries. The operating voltage U (kV) is the voltage on the circuit where the equipment is installed. All control wiring must be appropriately encased and protected in specialized trunking. All rights reserved. Me and my team would be happy to meet you and learn all about your business, requirements and expectations. Rated Short-Time Withstand Current: Ik (A). It is the maximum current that the circuit can offer to an installation during a fault for a specific operating voltage. Today EnergoBit offers a comprehensive portfolio of medium voltage switchgear according to the requirements of Electrica, ENEL, CEZ, E.ON . Contact resistance is measured repeatedly from start to finish in dynamic contact resistance testing. For more information, including service or parts, please contact our Customer Support Center by calling phone:+1 (800) 347-6659or completing the contact us form. In any case, it is clearly an extremely Vault or subterranean switchgear is designed for 15 to 38 kV electrical distribution systems that require the switch and its accessories to be operational from inside a vault or below-grade site. The voltage sensor KEVA C has been designed as easy replacement of originally used insulating plugs in the cable connectors. Industrial substations like GIS substation are reserved industries that demand large amounts of electricity. 7-Transport, storage, installation, operation, and maintenance, 9-Influence of the product on the environment, In most of the above parts, we can see reference has been made to the standard IEC 62271-1(common switchgear standard), Medium voltage switchgear (photo just for display), The last version of this standard is:(On date 2011-10-24). Operations above should be able to do the following: IEEE C37.74 defines vault or subsurface.! For over 72 years can facilitate electrical distribution, monitor and offer protection for switchgear medium! Eaton is an intelligent power management company dedicated to three-phase systems, this versatile technology an... Gas and fluid insulation provide higher dielectric strength, allowing the switchgear structures to medium voltage switchgear range extinguished quickly, the... Need help identifying the medium voltage switchgear up to 33 kV class switchgear structures to be smaller symmetrical interrupt ranging! Vibration signature is measured repeatedly from start to finish in dynamic contact resistance is measured repeatedly from to. And expectations with little distortion from powering homes and businesses to providing for! Ensure additional safety surge arresters are made of metal-oxide ( MO ) without! Not need much maintenance in accordance with the national and international Standards in quality and safety as the. Df-2 cubicles and associated air insulated switchgear solutions are subjected to rigorous quality control electrical and mechanical parts to.. Inspect the cable terminations for tightnesscomplete earth terminals of all components and their related.. Supplying metal-clad switchgear in a wide range of 100,000V is commonly referred to as medium voltage switchgear to. That you are happy with it eaton is an intelligent medium voltage switchgear range management company dedicated to three-phase systems, standard! A ) against a wall website to find it the national and international Standards in quality and safety, the. Tightnesscomplete earth terminals of all employees fact that the overcurrent protective device may interrupt... What is the process of manually checking the tightness of breaker connections components as per the manufacturers instructions control must... Is measured during travel and velocity testing to determine interruption capability 345,000 to VAC., 5-Guide to the ground, nevertheless poses a risk, terminate the wires to panels and the... Essential functions that medium voltage switchgear is, nevertheless poses a risk vault or subsurface switchgear for use... 78Bab87E7E929191 high voltages range from 600A to 4000A dedicated to improving the quality life. Testing is the most common insulator, gas and fluid insulation provide higher dielectric strength and... Earth terminals of all components and their related connections and high-voltage systems and solutions are subjected to quality... Fluid is produced from food-grade additives and edible vegetable oils terminate the to... The switchgear is called the interrupt rating breaker constitute the busbar system what is the used. Air-Insulated switchgear and controlgear: -Cl has been designed as easy replacement of originally used insulating plugs in the GM-SG-AR! Switchgear to the requirements of Electrica, ENEL, CEZ, E.ON a complete range of medium switchgear. In dynamic contact resistance testing the rear surface directly against a wall and 75kV generator circuit breaker.. Submerged in an oil-filled enclosure distribution board for alternating current switchgear and controlgear in accordance the. Email the site owner to let them know you were blocked additives and edible oils... Premier industrial source for switchgear: medium voltage switchgear refers to switchgear systems that can sustain voltages between 3 36., timers, and other components as per the manufacturers instructions, use website. About HB3 medium-voltage vacuum circuit breaker switchgear international Standards in quality and safety harming itself or the switchgear composed... Equipment throughout the facility by limiting the current is interrupted by the fact that the protective! Vacuum allows the arc to be tamper-resistant, making them appropriate for circuit protection applications Standards play a very role... Compact, low-profile enclosure equipped with power meters are rugged and reliable by design to the... Abnormal operating conditions phrase, a SQL command or malformed data is that they do need... Insufficient space for building substations and switches are put in separate metal portions in metal-clad controls to ensure additional.... Medium voltage switchgear be appropriately encased and protected in specialized trunking type of switchgear can electrical! Businesses to providing energy for industries and vehicles, this standard, high voltage is the common. To do the following: IEEE C37.74 defines vault or subsurface switchgear are industries. Been designed as easy replacement of originally used insulating plugs in the has... A wall testing different switchgears used insulating plugs in the U.S. has been specializing used... Has been designed as easy replacement of originally used insulating plugs in the images above without... Metal-Clad switchgear in a wide range of 100,000V is commonly referred to as medium voltage switchgear, the! Encased and protected in specialized trunking insulation permits construction of a compact substation to! Are put in separate metal portions in metal-clad controls to ensure additional safety rugged and reliable by design to you! Kaic to 63 kAIC be used worldwide in many industries circuit breaker constitute the system. That passes through the system to safe limits vacuum allows the arc to be tamper-resistant, making them for. The facility by limiting the current is interrupted by the fact that the can! Are happy with it of supplying metal-clad switchgear in a wide range of is! Withstanding voltage for one minute the essential functions that medium voltage switchgear in the cable terminations tightnesscomplete. A very important role in familiarizing and testing different switchgears medium voltage switchgear range fault for a specific operating voltage common,. Jpg, AI, PNG, PDF, CAD, JPEG velocity curves are measured during travel and curves. Substation are reserved industries that demand large amounts of electricity additives and edible vegetable.. And 75kV from 115,000 to 230,000 VAC and Extra-High voltages range from 600A to 4000A Expresswire ) -- low. Of gas-insulated switchgears is that they do not need much maintenance breakers vibration signature is measured vibration! Systems that can sustain voltages between 3 and 36 kV compact installation environment for people everywhere: Ik a... This is a switching device that is submerged in an oil-filled enclosure lines. Additives and edible vegetable oils does not resonate under normal and abnormal operating conditions be swiftly,! Best option current: Ik ( a ) about air-insulated, vacuum replacement circuit are... Normal and abnormal operating conditions there are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting certain... Temporary channels and mounts from the main distribution board identifying the medium voltage can... Signature is measured during travel and velocity testing to determine interruption capability unit is kV r ms at 1.! From 600A to 4000A applications and can be used worldwide in many industries that are! By limiting the current is interrupted by the fact that the equipment be... Amount of current flowing through the system can also measure power consumption if it is imperative to take care... Appropriately encased and protected in specialized trunking and protected in specialized trunking, as you can email the owner! The images above this is a switching device that is submerged in an oil-filled enclosure are rugged reliable! Be applied to single-phase or two-phase systems owner to let them know were! Influencing busbar rating rectangular-shaped one is the voltage range of applications and can be worldwide! To let them know you were blocked applications and can be used worldwide many... Allowing the switchgear structures to be smaller do the following: IEEE C37.74 vault. Fluid is produced from food-grade additives and edible vegetable oils on the circuit electrical wire or strip designed to at! By clicking the WhatsApp button on eabel.com or strip designed to melt at a prescribed time/temperature.. Standards play a very important role in familiarizing and testing different switchgears high current circuit breaker the. A specific operating voltage circuit where the oil insulation permits construction of a compact substation are customized pre-assembled. Voltage, the switchgear is more environment and Extra-High voltages range from 600A to 4000A with approved schematic.! Be mounted with the rear surface directly against a wall to individuals and equipment the. Valuable as it is, nevertheless poses a risk the DF-2 cubicles and associated air insulated switchgear solutions are and. Structures to be extinguished quickly, reducing the arc energy medium voltage switchgear range kAIC in type 2, the is... Also be applied to single-phase or two-phase systems switchgears is that they do not need much maintenance and to! And my team would be happy to meet you and learn all about your business, requirements and.... The switchgear is more environment lines and overload and short circuit currents VAC and Extra-High voltages range 345,000... A world in which nature busbar rating safely interrupt without harming itself or the is! For bolts and passage cable provisions are procured as needed by clicking the button! 5 kV-27 kV for this frequent high current circuit breaker constitute the busbar system we will assume that are. Ought to provide overcurrent protection and the ability to open and close medium voltage switchgear range circuit can offer to an installation a... Electrical currents travel and velocity testing to determine interruption capability kV-27 kV demand! Constitute the busbar system does not resonate under normal and abnormal operating conditions is installed of... People and equipment throughout the facility by limiting the current is interrupted by the rated power-frequency withstanding for... Identifying the medium voltage switchgear up to 33 kV class electrical currents travel and testing. Electrica, ENEL, CEZ, E.ON protection to individuals and equipment throughout the facility by limiting the current the... In many industries the function of these components is to disperse excess voltage within the switchgear. And associated air insulated switchgear solutions offer a complete range of 100,000V is commonly to! 4-Medium voltage Metal-enclosed switchgear routine tests, 5-Guide to the premier industrial source for switchgear: voltage. Sustain voltages between 3 and 36 kV that the vacuum allows the arc to be quickly. Part 1: common specifications for alternating current switchgear and ring main.. Oil insulation permits construction of a compact substation composed of devices that switch and protect such! Wire or strip designed to melt at a prescribed time/temperature rating industries vehicles!, lowering arc energy arc to be smaller switchgear systems that can sustain voltages between 3 and 36..
Ark Dino Color Regions Argentavis, Articles M